Betaine, also known as trimethylglycine, is an amino acid – so named because it was first discovered as a beet byproduct. It is also found in wheat, shellfish, and spinach.
It can be produced via choline oxidation. Betaine is a major methyl donor and acts as an osmolyte in the cell to regulate cell volume.
Betaine donates a methyl group, using the enzyme betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), to re-methylate homocysteine back to methionine.
The product of this methyl transfer is dimethylglycine (DMG), which is then available for further methyl donation.
In folate deficiency, this betaine pathway compensates to maintain Homocysteine re-methylation. Folate-deficient people have elevated serum DMG levels, as would be expected with the increased betaine use as a methyl source.
Because the betaine pathway is a salvage pathway to remethylate Homocysteine, betaine is a significant determinant of plasma Homocysteine levels, particularly in folate deficiency.
Betaine supplementation lowers Homocysteine after methionine load.
References:
– https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24022817/
– https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18716669/
– https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20346934/
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WHAT DOES IT MEAN IF YOUR BETAINE RESULT IS TOO LOW?
– Can be due to decreased dietary choline intake
– Low betaine, high choline is a risk
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Betaine deficiencies have many clinical implications, including:
– metabolic syndrome,
– diabetes,
– vascular disease,
– liver diseases,
– cancer,
– and fetal abnormalities.
Not surprisingly, supplementation with betaine has been shown to be beneficial in many conditions associated with poor methylation status and higher homocysteine, such as metabolic syndrome.
WHAT DOES IT MEAN IF YOUR BETAINE RESULT IS TOO HIGH?
– Can be due to supplementation
– Can be due to high dietary betaine (i.e. beets, wheat, shellfish, and spinach) or choline intake.
Disclaimer:
Test results may vary depending on your age, gender, health history, the method used for the test, and other things. Your test results may not mean you have a problem. Ask your healthcare provider what your test results mean for you.
The information on healthmatters.io is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice.
